The Dichotomy of Control
Sort each thing into what depends on you and what does not.
How it helps
It directs effort toward the will and away from what cannot be controlled.
Understand in about 5 minutes
Discourses
Epictetus teaches that freedom comes from distinguishing what is in our power from what is not, and from the disciplined right use of our impressions.
Idea map
The book in 6 ideas
What Is Truly Ours Epictetus teaches that freedom and peace come from rightly using the one thing in our power, the will.
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What Is in Our Power
Some things depend on our will and some do not; clarity here is the start of philosophy.- Ours The will is your own.
- Not Ours Externals are not in our power.
- Tranquillity Peace follows right desire.
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Use of Impressions
We are disturbed not by things but by our opinions about them, so reason must judge appearances.- Rational Faculty Reason examines itself.
- Opinion Judgment locates harm.
- Test the Appearance Pause before you assent.
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The Free Will
The will cannot be fettered, exiled, or compelled; in it lies a freedom no one can take.- Unhindered The will is unconquerable.
- Freedom Freedom is inner.
- Fearlessness Desire nothing others control.
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God & Nature
We are kin to God, parts of a well-ordered whole, called to follow nature with gratitude.- Providence Order reveals design.
- Kinship Akin to God.
- Follow Nature Will what happens.
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Duties & Roles
The sage is not a statue but keeps the relations of son, father, and citizen.- Relations Names carry duties.
- Citizen of the World Act for the whole.
- Character Hold your character.
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Daily Training
Philosophy is disciplined practice, not the reading of treatises; progress shows in conduct.- Three Topics Desire, duty, assent.
- Habit Action strengthens habit.
- The Athlete Train against impressions.
- Attention Stay attentive.
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Mental models
3 ways of thinking you can use
Testing Appearances
Tell an impression to wait while you examine what it really is.
How it helps
It interrupts reaction and restores judgment before assent.
Habit Grows by Action
Every faculty is strengthened by the actions that correspond to it.
How it helps
It makes daily practice the means of changing character.
Summary
The essence in plain English
The Discourses are a record of Epictetus teaching, set down by his pupil Arrian. They return again and again to one distinction: some things are in our power and some are not. Our judgments, desires, and will are ours; the body, possessions, and reputation are not.
From this distinction Epictetus draws his account of disturbance. We are pained not by things themselves but by our opinions about them. The rational faculty alone can examine appearances and decide what to accept, and its proper work is to assent only to what is true and to use impressions rightly.
Freedom, in these talks, is interior. A tyrant may fetter the leg, exile the body, or take property, but he cannot overpower the will. Epictetus insists that the person who has placed the self in the will, and not in externals, cannot be hindered or compelled.
The teaching is practical and demanding. Progress is not measured by how many books one has read but by training in desire and aversion, in pursuit and avoidance, and in assent. As any habit grows by repeated action, the mind must be exercised against the impressions that would sweep it away.
The tone is serious and sometimes severe. Epictetus offers no comfort in externals and little patience for self-deception. What he promises is the tranquillity that follows when a person stops demanding that the world be otherwise and attends instead to the one domain that is truly their own.
Key concepts
Terms to know
- What Is in Our Power
- Epictetus divides things into those that depend on our will and those that do not.
- Why it matters: It is the foundation of the whole teaching and the source of tranquillity.
- The Use of Impressions
- The rational faculty examines appearances and chooses what to assent to.
- Why it matters: It locates harm and benefit in judgment rather than in events.
- Freedom of the Will
- The will cannot be compelled or hindered by any external force.
- Why it matters: It defines the freedom that Epictetus says no one can take away.
Selected Quotes
Short passages from the source
You may fetter my leg, but my will not even Zeus himself can overpower.
Every habit and faculty is maintained and increased by the corresponding actions: the habit of walking by walking, the habit of running by running.
This is the true athlete, the man who exercises himself against such appearances.
Source
Text used for this page
Source text: Project Gutenberg edition of A Selection from the Discourses of Epictetus by Epictetus.
HTML text: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10661/pg10661-images.html
Project Gutenberg states that this ebook is for use at no cost with almost no restrictions in the United States and most other parts of the world, subject to local law.
Compiled by Arrian c. 108 CE from Epictetus's teachings; the Project Gutenberg edition uses George Long's translation of a selection from the Discourses.